Cardiology in Rabbits and Rodents–Common Cardiac Diseases, Therapeutic Options, and Limitations

References

1. • Romanucci M.
   • Defourny S.V.
   • Massimini M.
   • et al.
   Unexpected cardiac death during anaesthesia of a young rabbit associated with fibro-fatty replacement of the right ventricular myocardium.
   J Comp Pathol. 2017; 156: 33-36
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
2. • Schuhmann B.
   • Helmich K.
   Herzerkrankungen bei Kaninchen.
   Wien Tierärztl Monatsschr. 2014; 101: 197-205
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
3. • Kattinger P.
   • Ewringmann A.
   • Weyland J.
   • et al.
   Kardiologische untersuchungen beim kaninchen.
   Kleintierpraxis. 1999; 44: 761-772
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
4. • Lord B.
   • Devine C.
   • Smith S.
   Congestive heart failure in two pet rabbits.
   J Small Anim Pract. 2011; 52: 46-50
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
5. • Martin M.W.
   • Darke P.G.
   • Else R.W.
   Congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation in a rabbit.
   Vet Rec. 1987; 121: 570-571
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
6. • Varga M.
   Textbook of rabbit medicine.
   Butterworth-Heinemann, Edinburgh2014
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
7. • Nakata M.
   • Miwa Y.
   • Chambers J.K.
   • et al.
   Ostium secundum type of atrial septal defect in a rabbit.
   J Vet Med Sci. 2018; 80: 1325-1328
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
8. • Di Girolamo N.
   • Palmieri C.
   • Baron Toaldo M.
   • et al.
   First description of partial atrioventricular septal defect in a rabbit.
   J Exot Pet Med. 2018; 27: 5-9
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
9. • Hildebrandt N.
   • Leuser C.
   • Miltz D.
   • et al.
   [Restrictive ventricular septal defect in a dwarf rabbit].
   Tierärztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2016; 44: 59-64
   View in Article

   • Google Scholar
10. • Li X.
    • Murphy J.C.
    • Lipman N.S.
    Eisenmenger's syndrome in a New Zealand white rabbit.
    Lab Anim Sci. 1995; 45: 618-620
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
11. • Vörös K.
    • Seehusen F.
    • Hungerbühler S.
    • et al.
    Ventricular septal defect with aortic valve insufficiency in a New Zealand white rabbit.
    J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2011; 47: e42-e49
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
12. • Reed S.D.
    • Blaisdell M.E.
    Right atrioventricular valvular dysplasia in a New Zealand white rabbit.
    Case Rep Vet Med. 2021; 2021: 6674024
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
13. • Martel-Arquette A.
    • Tjostheim S.S.
    • Miller J.
    • et al.
    Aortocavitary fistula secondary to vegetative endocarditis in a rabbit.
    J Vet Cardiol. 2019; 21: 49-56
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
14. • Kanemoto I.
    • Chimura S.
    Congenital heart disease of th rabbit. A case of ventricular septal defect.
    Adv Anim Electrocard. 1983; 16: 52-56
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
15. • Kanfer S.
    Transvenous pacemaker implantation for complete heart block in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculi).
    Annu Conf Assoc Exotic Mammal Vet., 2013
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
16. • Orcutt C.J.
    • Malakoff R.L.
    Rabbits: cardiovascular disease.
    in: Quesenberry K. Orcutt C.J. Mans C. Ferrets, rabbits and rodents - clinical medicine and surgery. 4th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2021: 250-257
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
17. • Barrett K.A.
    Cardiac emergencies.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th edition. Saunders, Philadelphia2010: 476-478
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
18. • Scolan K.F.
    • Sisson D.D.
    Cardiovascular disease. Pathopysiology of the heart failure.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1153-1163
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
19. • Rozanski E.
    Diseases of the pleural space.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1136-1143
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
20. • Mayer J.
    • Mans C.
    Rodents.
    in: Carpenter J.W. Exotic animal formulary. 5th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2018: 459-493
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
21. • Papich M.G.
    Papich handbook of veterinary drugs.
    5th edition. Saunders, St. Louis2021
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
22. • Morrisey J.K.
    • Carpenter J.W.
    Formulary.
    in: Quesenberry K.E. Orcutt C.J. Mans C. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. 4th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2021: 620-630
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
23. • Fisher P.
    • Graham J.
    Rabbits.
    in: Carpenter J.W. Exotic animal formulary. 5th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2018: 494-531
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
24. • Takihara K.
    • Azuma J.
    • Awata N.
    • et al.
    Beneficial effect of taurine in rabbits with chronic congestive heart failure.
    Am Heart J. 1986; 112: 1278-1284
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
25. • Schroeder N.A.
    Diuretics.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th edition. Saunders, Philadelphia2010: 1212-1214
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
26. • Oh S.W.
    • Han S.Y.
    Loop diuretics in clinical practice.
    Electrolyte Blood Press. 2015; 13: 17-21
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
27. • Kim Y.C.
    • Lee M.G.
    • Ko S.H.
    • et al.
    Effect of intravenous infusion time on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the same total dose of torasemide in rabbits.
    Biopharm Drug Dispos. 2004; 25: 211-218
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
28. • Dubourg L.
    • Mosig D.
    • Drukker A.
    • et al.
    Torasemide is an effective diuretic in the newborn rabbit.
    Pediatr Nephrol. 2000; 14: 476-479
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
29. • Fitzgerald B.C.
    • Dias S.
    • Martorell J.
    Cardiovascular drugs in avian, small mammal, and reptile medicine.
    Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2018; 21: 399-442
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
30. • Hermans K.
    • Geerts T.
    • Cauwerts K.
    • et al.
    Tolerability of pimobendan in the ferret (Mustela putorius furo).
    Vlaams diergeneeskd tijdschr. 2008; 78: 53-55
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
31. • Deeb B.J.
    • DiGiacomo R.E.
    Respiratory diseases of rabbits.
    Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2000; 3: 465-480
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
32. • Delong D.
    Rabbits. Bacterial diseases.
    in: Suckow M.A. Stevens K.A. Wilson R.P. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Academic Press, London2012: 301-363
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
33. • Digiacomo R.F.
    • Maré C.J.
    Viral diseases.
    in: Manning P.J. Ringler D.H. Newcomer C.E. The biology of the laboratory rabbit. Academic Press, San Diego1994: 171-204
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
34. • Koller L.D.
    Spontaneous Nosema cuniculi infection in laboratory rabbits.
    J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1969; 155: 1108-1114
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
35. • Csokai J.
    • Gruber A.
    • Künzel F.
    • et al.
    Encephalitozoonosis in pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): pathohistological findings in animals with latent infection versus clinical manifestation.
    Parasitol Res. 2009; 104: 629-635
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
36. • Weber H.W.
    • Van Der Walt J.J.
    Cardiomyopathy in crowded rabbits.
    Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab. 1975; 6: 471-477
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
37. • Marini R.
    • Li X.
    • Harpster N.
    • et al.
    Cardiovascular pathology possibly associated with ketamine/xylazine anesthesia in Dutch belted rabbits.
    Lab Anim Sci. 1999; 49 2: 153-160
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
38. • Lipman N.S.
    • Zhao Z.B.
    • Andrutis K.A.
    • et al.
    Prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas with mammary dysplasia in New Zealand white rabbits.
    Lab Anim Sci. 1994; 44: 114-120
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
39. • Pion P.D.
    • Kittleson M.D.
    • Thomas W.P.
    • et al.
    Clinical findings in cats with dilated cardiomyopathy and relationship of findings to taurine deficiency.
    J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1992; 201: 267-274
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
40. • Kittleson M.D.
    • Keene B.
    • Pion P.D.
    • et al.
    Results of the multicenter spaniel trial (MUST): taurine- and carnitine-responsive dilated cardiomyopathy in American cocker spaniels with decreased plasma taurine concentration.
    J Vet Intern Med. 1997; 11: 204-211
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
41. • Bragdon J.H.
    • Levine H.D.
    Myocarditis in vitamin E-deficient rabbits.
    Am J Pathol. 1949; 25: 265-271
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
42. • Goettsch M.
    • Pappenheimer A.M.
    Nutritional muscular dystrophy in the guinea pig and rabbit.
    J Exp Med. 1931; 54: 145-165
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
43. • Stern J.A.
    • Meurs K.M.
    Myocardial disease: canine.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1269-1277
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
44. • Chetboul V.
    Myocardial disease: Feline.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1278-1305
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
45. • Ljungvall I.
    • Häggström J.
    Adult-onset valvular heart disease.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1249-1269
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
46. • Bonagura J.D.
    • Fuentes V.L.
    Echocardiography.
    in: Mattoon J.S. Sellon R.K. Berry C.R. Small animal diagnostic ultrasound. 4 edition. Saunders, St. Louis2021: 230-354
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
47. • Fox J.G.
    • Lipman N.S.
    • Newcomer C.E.
    Models in infectious disease research.
    in: Manning P.J. Ringler D.H. Newcomer C.E. The biology of the laboratory rabbit. Academic Press, San Diego1994: 381-408
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
48. • Olsen L.H.
    • Häggström J.
    • Petersen H.D.
    Acquired valvular heart disease.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1299-1319
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
49. • Crary D.D.
    • Fox R.R.
    Hereditary vestigial pulmonary arterial trunk and related defects in rabbits.
    J Hered. 1975; 66: 50-55
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
50. • Redrobe S.
    Imaging techniques in small mammals.
    Sem Avian Exot Pet Med. 2001; 10: 187-197
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
51. • Zhao Q.M.
    • Huang G.Y.
    Spontaneous closure rates of ventricular septal defects (6,750 consecutive neonates).
    Am J Cardiol. 2019; 124: 613-617
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
52. • MacDonald K.
    Pericardial diseases.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1305-1316
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
53. • Bonvehi C.
    • Ardiaca M.
    • Montesinos A.
    • et al.
    Clinicopathologic findings of naturally occurring rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2 infection in pet rabbits.
    Vet Clin Pathol. 2019; 48: 89-95
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
54. • Aguirre L.S.
    • Sandoval G.V.
    • Medina D.M.
    • et al.
    Acute heart failure in rabbits by avocado leaf poisoning.
    Toxicon. 2019; 164: 16-19
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
55. • Schnellbacher R.
    • Olson E.E.
    • Mayer J.
    Emergency presentations associated with cardiovascular disease in exotic herbivores.
    J Exot Pet Med. 2012; 21: 316-327
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
56. • Taylor S.M.
    Creatine kinase.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 263-265
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
57. • Shell L.G.
    • Saunders G.
    Arteriosclerosis in a rabbit.
    J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1989; 194: 679-680
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
58. • Gaman E.M.
    • Feigenbaum A.S.
    • Schenk E.A.
    Spontaneous aortic lesions in rabbits. 3. Incidence and genetic factors.
    J Atheroscler Res. 1967; 7: 131-141
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
59. • Brock K.
    • Gallaugher L.
    • Bergdall V.K.
    • et al.
    Mycoses and non-infectious diseases.
    in: Suckow M.A. Stevens K.A. Wilson R.P. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Academic Press, London2012: 503-528
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
60. • Garbarsch C.
    • Matthiessen M.E.
    • Helin P.
    • et al.
    Spontaneous aortic arteriosclerosis in rabbits of the Danish Country strain.
    Atherosclerosis. 1970; 12: 291-300
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
61. • Harcourt-Brown F.M.
    Diagnosis of renal disease in rabbits.
    Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2013; 16: 145-174
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
62. • Kamphues J.
    • Carstensen P.
    • Schroeder D.
    • et al.
    Effekte einer steigenden Calcium- und Vitamin D-Zufuhr auf den Calciumstoffwechsel von Kaninchen.
    J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 1986; 56: 191-208
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
63. • Zimmerman T.E.
    • Giddens Jr., W.E.
    • DiGiacomo R.F.
    • et al.
    Soft tissue mineralization in rabbits fed a diet containing excess vitamin D.
    Lab Anim Sci. 1990; 40: 212-215
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
64. • Kondo T.
    • Watanabe Y.
    A heritable hyperlipemic rabbit.
    Jikken Dobutsu. 1975; 24: 89-94
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
65. • Jayo J.M.
    • Schwenke D.C.
    • Clarkson T.B.
    Atherosclerosis research.
    in: Manning P.J. Ringler D.H. Newcomer C.E. The Biology of the Laboratory Rabbit. Academic Press, San Diego1994: 367-380
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
66. • Getz G.S.
    • Reardon C.A.
    Animal models of atherosclerosis.
    Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012; 32: 1104-1115
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
67. • MacDonald K.
    Myocardial disease: Feline.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 7th edition. Saunders, Philadelphia2010: 1328-1361
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
68. • Hurley R.J.
    • Marini R.P.
    • Avison D.L.
    • et al.
    Evaluation of detomidine anesthetic combinations in the rabbit.
    Lab Anim Sci. 1994; 44: 472-478
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
69. • Pariaut R.
    Cardiovascular physiology and diseases of the rabbit.
    Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2009; 12 (vii): 135-144
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
70. • Lerman L.O.
    • Kurtz T.W.
    • Touyz R.M.
    • et al.
    Animal models of hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association.
    Hypertension. 2019; 73: e87-e120
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
71. • Ohad D.G.
    Treatment of systemic hypertension.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 666-671
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
72. • Minarikova A.
    • Hauptman K.
    • Jeklova E.
    • et al.
    Diseases in pet guinea pigs: a retrospective study in 1000 animals.
    Vet Rec. 2015; 177: 200
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar

73. Moreno AC, Guillon L, Ruel Y, et al. Cardiac disease in pet guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus): a retrospective study of 62 cases (2011-2016). Paper presented at: 3rd International Conference on Avia, Herpetological and Exotic Mammal Medicine; 25.-29.03.2017, 2017; Venice, Italy.

    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
74. • Dias S.
    • Todo M.
    • Planellas M.
    • et al.
    Unusual presentation of cardiac disease in two Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).
    X Southern Europ Vet Conf, 2016
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
75. • McConnell R.F.
    • Ediger R.D.
    Benign mesenchymoma of the heart in the guinea pig. A report of four cases.
    Pathol Vet. 1968; 5: 97-101
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
76. • Franklin J.M.
    • Guzman D.S.-M.
    Dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure in a guinea pig.
    Exot DVM. 2006; 7: 9-12
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
77. • Vogler B.R.
    • Vetsch E.
    • Wernick M.B.
    • et al.
    Primary leiomyosarcoma in the heart of a guinea pig.
    J Comp Pathol. 2012; 147: 452-454
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
78. • Dzyban L.A.
    • Garrod L.A.
    • Besso J.G.
    Pericardial effusion and pericardiocentesis in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
    J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2001; 37: 21-26
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
79. • Cox I.
    • Haworth P.
    Cardiac disease in guinea pigs.
    Vet Rec. 2000; 146: 620
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
80. • Quinton J.
    • Valentin S.
    • Ruel Y.
    A case of infectious pericardial effusion and tamponade in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) associated with a multiresistant staphylococcus.
    Vet Rec Case Rep. 2014; 2: e000075
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
81. • Kondo H.
    • Koizumi I.
    • Yamamoto N.
    • et al.
    Thyroid adenoma and ectopic thyroid carcinoma in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
    Comp Med. 2018; 68: 212-214
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar

82. Pouyol O, Vlaemynck F. Bacterial pericarditis in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Paper presented at: 2nd International Conference on Avian, Herpetological and Exotic Mammal Medicine; 18.-23.04.2015, 2015; Paris, France.

    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
83. • Bender L.
    Sarcoma of the heart in a guinea pig.
    J Cancer Res. 1925; 9: 384-387
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
84. • Heggem-Perry B.H.
    • Ramer C.
    • Pariaut R.
    • et al.
    Pericardial effusion, pericardocentesis, and thoracocentesis in a Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus).
    Association of Exotic Mammals Veterinarians, San Francisco2012: 48-49
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar

85. Quinton JF, Ruel Y, Guillon L. Three cases of pericardial effusion in guinea pigs. Paper presented at: 2nd International Conference on Avian, Herpetological and Exotic Mammal Medicine; 18.-23.04.2015, 2015; Paris, France.

    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
86. • Williams B.H.
    Guinea pig. Non-infectious diseases.
    in: Suckow M.A. Stevens K.A. Wilson R.P. The laboratory rabbit, guinea pig, hamster, and other rodents. Academic Press, London2012: 685-704
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
87. • Künzel F.
    • Hierlmeier B.
    • Christian M.
    • et al.
    Hyperthyroidism in four guinea pigs: clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment.
    J Small Anim Pract. 2013; 54: 667-671
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
88. • Gibbons P.M.
    • Garner M.M.
    Pathological aspects of thyroid tumors in Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus).
    Milwaukee, USA2009
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
89. • Graves T.K.
    Feline hyperthyreoidism.
    in: Ettinger S.J. Feldman E.C. Coté E. Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. 8th edition. Elsevier, St. Louis2017: 1747-1757
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
90. • Ewringmann A.
    • Weyland J.
    • Skrodzki M.
    • et al.
    Oleandervergiftung bei einem Meerschweinchen.
    Kleintierpraxis. 1999; 44: 487-560
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
91. • Pignon C.
    • Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D.
    • Sinclair K.
    • et al.
    Evaluation of heart murmurs in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera): 59 cases (1996-2009).
    J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2012; 241: 1344-1347
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
92. • Hoefer H.L.
    • Crossley D.A.
    Chinchillas.
    in: Meredith A. Redrobe S.P. BSAVA manual of exotic pets. 4th edition. BSAVA, Gloucester2002: 65-75
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
93. • Goodman G.
    Rodents: Respiratory and cardiovascular sxstem disorders.
    in: Keeble E. Meredith A. BSAVA manual of rodents and ferrets. Glucester: BSAVA, 2009: 142-149
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
94. • Donnelly T.
    Disease problems of chinchillas.
    in: Quesenberry K.E. Carpenter J.W. Ferrets, rabbits, and rodents: clinical medicine and surgery. 2th edition. Saunders, St. Louis2002: 255-265
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
95. • Jekl V.
    • Hauptman K.
    • Knotek Z.
    Diseases in pet degus: a retrospective study in 300 animals.
    J Small Anim Pract. 2011; 52: 107-112
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
96. • Sanchez J.N.
    • Summa N.M.E.
    • Visser L.C.
    • et al.
    Ventricular septal defect and congestive heart failure in a common degu (Octodon degus).
    J Exot Pet Med. 2019; 31: 32-35
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
97. • Schmidt R.E.
    • Reavill D.R.
    Cardiovascular disease in hamsters: review and retrospective study.
    J Exot Pet Med. 2007; 16: 49-51
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
98. • Beaufrère H.
    • Schilliger L.
    • Pariaut R.
    Cardiovascular system: current therapy in exotic pet practice.
    in: Mitchell M. Tully T. Current therapy in exotic pet practice. Saunders, 2016: 151-220
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar
99. • Heatley J.J.
    Cardiovascular anatomy, physiology, and disease of rodents and small exotic mammals.
    Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract. 2009; 12: 99-113
    View in Article

    • Google Scholar